Vitamin B-1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B-2, also Vitamin G (Riboflavin), Vitamin B-3, also Vitamin P or Vitamin PP (Niacin) Vitamin B-4 (Adenine), Vitamin B-5 (Pantothenic acid), Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine and Pyridoxamine), Vitamin B-7, also Vitamin H (Biotin), Vitamin B-7* — more commonly called Vitamin I, Vitamin B-8 (Ergadenylic acid), Vitamin B-9, also Vitamin M (Folic acid), Vitamin B-10, also Vitamin R (Pteroylmonoglutamic acid mixed with other B vitamins), Vitamin B-11, also Vitamin S, Vitamin B-12 (Cyanocobalamin), Vitamin B-13 (Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), Vitamin B-14 — a mixture of B-10 and B-11, Vitamin B-15 (Pangamic acid), Vitamin B-16, Vitamin B-17 (Amygdalin), Vitamin B-22, often claimed as an ingredient of Aloe vera extracts, Vitamin B-c, another name for Vitamin B-9 (Folic acid), Vitamin B-h (Inositol), Vitamin B-t (L-Carnitine), Vitamin B-w,another name for Vitamin B-7 (Biotin) , Vitamin B-x, also PABA (Para-Aminobenzoic acid)
Vitamin B1 - Systemic thiamine deficiency can lead to myriad problems including neurodegeneration, wasting, and death. Well-known syndromes caused by lack of thiamine due to malnutrition or a diet high in thiaminase-rich foods include Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi, diseases also common in chronic abusers of alcohol. Thiamine was first discovered Umetaro Suzuki in Japan when researching how rice bran cured patients of beriberi. He named it aberic acid.
Vitamin B2 - Milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, liver and yeast are good sources of Vitamin B2, but exposure to light will destroy the Riboflavin in these natural sources. Any excess is excreted in the urine but as the human body does not store riboflavin it is thought deficiency is common. Riboflavin is yellow or orange-yellow in colour and in addition to being used as a food colouring it is also used to fortify some foods. It can be found in such foods as baby foods, breakfast cereals, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks and vitamin-enriched milk products as well as being widely used in vitamin supplements.
Vitamin B3 - Because niacin in large quantities is a vasodilator, large doses of niacin (either from vitamin B3 tablets or from treated meats) may cause harmless and short-lived but unpleasant symptoms such as extreme skin flushing resembling a sunburn, itching, gastric disturbances, and lowering of blood pressure. The amide form (strictly speaking a provitamin) does not cause these side effects, but is also not as easily assimilated by the body. Large doses of niacin are sometimes prescribed to combat high blood pressure, and also to lower blood cholesterol levels. Pharmacologic doses of niacin (1.5 to 6 grams/day) reduces LDL cholesterol levels by 10 to 25 percent and triglyceride levels by 20 to 50 percent. HDL cholesterol levels are also increased by 15 to 35 percent. Vitamin B3 has also been used to treat schizophrenia and other mental illnesses by orthomolecular practitioners. Usually the nicotinamide form is used, as it is considered to be more effective.
Vitamin B4 - Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose, and it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between reactions. In older literature, adenine was sometimes called Vitamin B4. However it is no longer considered a true vitamin.
Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5, is an antioxidant water-soluble vitamin needed to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pantothenic acid deficiency is very uncommon and more common with age. It is contained in whole grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly and many other foods. Symptoms of deficiency are highly similar to other vitamin B deficiencies. They include allergies (e.g. stuffed or runny nose), adrenal insuffiency, Addison's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Pantothenic acid is an important tool in natural medicine, and replaces cortisone. It is also needed for proper and healthy growth of hair.
Vitamin B6 - Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It performs a wide variety of functions in your body and is essential for your good health. For example, vitamin B6 is needed for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism. It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism. The nervous and immune systems need vitamin B6 to function efficiently and it is also needed for the conversion of tryptophan (an amino acid) to niacin (a vitamin).
Vitamin B7 - Biotin is a B-complex vitamin which is important in the catalysis of essential metabolic reactions to synthesize fatty acids, in gluconeogenesis, and to metabolize leucine.
Vitamin B8 - Vitamin B8 is the nucleic acid adenylic acid, also known as ergadenylic acid. Its deficiency decreases RNA synthesis, as well as ADP and ATP synthesis. A deficiency will inhibit the breakdown of food into energy and deteriorate hormone functions. This substance was not widely recognized as a required vitamin. The term "vitamin B8" was later reused by some researchers to denote inositol.
Vitamin B9 - Folate and folic acid are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin. Folate occurs naturally in food. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin that is found in supplements and fortified foods (1). Folate gets its name from the Latin word "folium" for leaf. A key observation of researcher Lucy Wills nearly 70 years ago led to the identification of folate as the nutrient needed to prevent the anemia of pregnancy. Dr. Wills demonstrated that the anemia could be corrected by a yeast extract. Folate was identified as the corrective substance in yeast extract in the late 1930s and was extracted from spinach leaves in 1941. Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells. This is especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. Folate is needed to make DNA and RNA, the building blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes to DNA that may lead to cancer.
Vitamin B10 - pteroylmonoglutamic acid - a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction Synonyms: folacin, folate, folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid, vitamin Bc, vitamin M
Vitamin B-11 - also Vitamin S
Vitamin B-12 - Vitamin B12 or Cobalamin defeciency is the cause of several forms of anemia. In nature, B12 is solely produced by bacteria found in animals (including humans), so that dirt could actually be considered a natural source of B12. While vegetarians usually get enough B12 through dairy products or eggs, it can sometimes be lacking in those following vegan diet who do not make an effort to find B12 enriched foodstuffs, like enriched cereals, soya based products or yeast extract. There are also foods naturally rich in B12 such as spirulina, an algae, or nori, a seaweed, but research suggests that it is not possible for the human body to utilize the vitamin B12 contained in these foods.
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